Section+14-3+England+and+France+Develop

Section 14-3: England and France Develop


 * Bold:**
 * William the Conqueror-** An invader named William who was a duke of Normandy. This was his nickname.


 * Henry II-** Henry was a king of England who's marriage brought a large territory of France into his possession called Aquitaine. He added these lands to Normandy to the land he had inherited from William the Conquerer.


 * common law-** a unified body of judges that now are the basis for law in many English-speaking countries, including the United States.


 * Magna Carta-** This document guaranteed certain basic political rights.


 * parliament-** legislative group.


 * Hugh Capet-** an undistinguished duke from the middle of France.


 * Philip II-** a very powerful Capetians also called Philip Augustus who ruled form 1180 to 1223.


 * Estates-General-** Church leaders and great lords and commoners, wealthy landowners or merchants were invited by Philip to be in a council.

- Small Anglo- Saxon kingdoms covered the former Roman province of Britain. The decline of the Carolingian Empire left feudal systems that were controlled by local lords. Towns and villages growth lead to a more centralized government and the development of nations.
 * Setting the Stage:**

- For a long time invaders from many places in Europeo landed on English shores. The Angles and Saxons stayed and bring their own ways created the Anglo-Saxon culture.
 * England Absorbs Waves of Invaders:**

- In the 800s Britain was attacked by Danish Vikings. The invaders were so feared there was a special prayer in Church. Alfred the Great a Anglo-Saxon king turned the invaders back. He gradually brought the lands into one kingdom called England. - A danish king named Canute conquered England in 1016 combining the Vikings and the Anglo-Saxon into one people. Kind Edward the Confessor(descendant of Alfred the Great) took the throne back. Edward died without and heir so and argument erupted and prompted one final invasion.
 * Early Invasions:**

- Normans were descendants of the Vikings. Edward's cousin William claimed the English crown and invaded England with a Norman Army - Normans and Anglo- Saxons fought. The Battle of Hastings. After Harold was killed by an arrow in the eye the Normans won. - After the victory William declared England his. He kept 1/5 to himself the rest went to about 200 Norman lords who swore oaths of loyalty to him personally. This unified the land and laid a foundation for a central government.
 * The Norman Conquest:**

- English kings tried to accomplish two goals. Add and hold their French territories and strengthen their powers over the nobles and the Church. - William the Conqueror's descendants owned land in both Normandy and England. Henry II added to these land by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine from France. - The marriage brought land called Aquitaine to Henry. e added his lands to Normandy and because he held land in France Henry was a French vassal to the king but he was king in his own mind.
 * England's Evolving Government:**

- Henry strengthened the royal courts of justice bys sending royal judges to every part of England at least once a year. The collected taxes and settled lawsuits and punished people for their crimes. Henry also introduced juries. In the medieval times it was a group of twelve loyal people. This became a more popular way to settle disputes. Only the king's courts were allowed to conduct them. - Over a while the royal judge formed a unified body of law called common law. Today they are still used for many English- speaking countries.
 * Juries and Common Law:**

- Henry was succeeded first by his son Richard the Lion hearted who was a hero in The Third Crusade. When Richard died his t=younger brother John took the throne. He failed as a military leader and earned the nickname John Softsword. John lost Normandy and all his land in northern France to French who was lead by Philip Augustus. This loss forced confrontation with his own nobles. - John was cruel and tried to get money out of them. He alienated the Church and threatened to take away town charters guaranteeing self-government. He raised taxes to an all time high to finance wars. His nobles revolted. They forced John to agree to the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta guaranteed certain basic rights. The nobles wanted to safeguard their own feudal rights and limit the king's powers. Later people thought all citizens would have these rights and they do now. It guaranteed no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and protective law. The Magna Carta guaranteed what are now considered basic legal rights for England and the United States.
 * The Magna Carta:**

- Edward I needed money for a war. He appointed two burgesses from every borough and town knights from every county to serve as parliament. - For a while longer kings called knights and burgesses whenever a new tax was needed. These two groups eventually formed an assembly called the House of Commons. Nobles and bishops met at the House of Lords. Parliament was a part of a royal tool used that weakened the great lords. It became and was like a check on royal power.
 * The Model Parliament:**

- The kings of France always were looking to get more power. French counts and dukes ruled their independently under the feudal system. The last member of the Carolingian family died in 987. Hugh Capet began the Capetian dynasty of french kings that rulled france from 987- 1328.
 * Capetian Dynasty Rules France:**

- Hugh Capet his grandson and his son were vert weak rulers.There land was small but was important to trade routes. The power of the king gradually spread outward from Paris. Eventually the growth of loyal power would unite France.
 * France Becomes a Separate Kingdom:**

- Philip II became king at 15 he wanted to weaken the power of English kings in France. Philip was crafty, unprincipled and willing to do whatever was necessary to achieve his goals. - Philip had little success against Henry II or Henry's son. He earned the name Augustus from the latin word meaning "majestic" probably because he greatly increase the territory of France. - Philip II wanted a stronger central government. He established royal officials called bailiffs. They were sent all over the King's territory to collect taxes.
 * Philip II Expands His Power:**

- France's central government beca,em stronger during the rule of Louis IX. Louis was pious and saintly. He made the French appeals court which could overturn the decisions of local courts. The court strengthened the monarchy while weakening feudal ties. - Philip IV was involved with a argument with the pope. The pope didn't let priests pay taxes to the King. Philip said the pope didn't have the right to control Church affairs with the kingdom.
 * Philip II's Heirs:**

- Church leaders were known as the First Estate. Great lords Second Estate. The commoners, wealthy land holders or merchants, that Philip invited in the council were the Third Estate. The whole meeting was called the Estates-General. - The Estates- General tried to increase the royal power against the nobility. The Estates-General never became an independent force that limit the King's power.
 * Estates-General:**

- England and France were the beginning of a democracy tradition. The tradition rested on setting up a government to rule a large widespread area. The common law and court systems were the first steps to democracy.
 * Beginnings of Democracy:**