Section+17-3+Luther+Leads+the+Reformation

Section 17-3: Luther Leads the Reformation


 * Bold: **
 * indulgence- ** a pardon. Released a sinner from their sins.


 * Reformation- ** a movement of religious reform.


 * Lutheran- ** A separate religious group of people.


 * Protestant- ** a word applied to Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches.

** Peace of Augsburg **- when princes would decide the religion of his state**.**

**annul-** set aside.

**Anglican-** a type of church created by Elizabeth that was the only legal Church in England.

- Church no universal approval. many peeps criticized their teachings. Wanted to gain things like wealth/ political power.
 * Setting the Stage: **

**Causes of the Reformation**: - printing press spread secular ideas. New movement for religious reform began in Germany.

**Criticisms of the Catholic Church**: - peeps said Church leaders were corrupt. - priests and popes were poorly educated.

- Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of Bohernia said pope had o worldly power. Also said bible more power than church leaders.
 * Early Calls of Reform: **

**Luther Challenges the Church**: - Martin Luther monk and teacher. taught scripture. All he wanted to do was to be a good Christian.

- Martin public stand against Johann Tetzel. Tetzel raising money for building cathedral. Selling indulgences. made peeps think buying indulgence ment buying their way into heaven. - Luther wrote the 95 Theses someone copy give to printer Martin known all around Germany. Started the Reformation.
 * The 95 Theses:**

- taught peeps win salvation only by faith to god's gift o forgiveness. All teaching should be clearly based on the bible. all peeps with faith are equal.
 * Luther's Teachings:**

- Luther surprised how fast his ideas spread and attracted followers. Peeps saw as a way to challenge Church control.
 * The Response to Luther**:

- pope saw as a monk trying to get back at his superiors. More he saw teachings he saw the teachings were truly a threat. - pope threatened luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements. no take back instead chanting at bonfire and burning of the decree. Pope excommunicated Luther.
 * The Pope's Threat**:

- Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was against Luther's teachings. He had Luther go to Worms for a trial. - Luther declared and outlaw and a heretic. no one in empire could give Luther shelter or food. Prince Fredrick the Wise of Saxony disobeyed his emperor. Sheltered Luther for almost a year. Luther translated new testament into german while there. - Went back ti Wittenberg. His ideas being practiced (some).
 * The Emperor's Opposition:**

- Some peeps applied Luther's ideas to society. Peasants demand end of serfdom. Bands peasants started raided monasteries, pillaging and burning. Luther was horrified. Wrote telling German princes to show no mercy to the peasants. They revoked killing nearly 100,000 people. Feeling betrayed many peasants rejected Luther's religious leadership.
 * The Peasants' Revolt:**

- Many Northern princes support Luther (Germany) Some shared beliefs other liked ideas for selfish reasons. Saw as good excuse to seize Church property and get independence from Chalres V. - Princes against Luther joined forces against Luther. Signed a protest against that agreement. - Charles V vs. Protestant Princes. Defeated them but they didn't go back to Catholic Church.
 * Germany at War:**

- Another challenge of Church authority in England this man was tied to the Roman Catholic Church.
 * England Becomes Protestant:**

- Henry VIII got name Defender of Faith from pope. He needed a male heir. He had a daughter but no son female never claimed english throne back then. - Thought wife no good for kids wanted to divorcee and marry young wife. Church law no allow this. pope put aside Henry's marriage.
 * Henry VIII Wants a Son:**

- Wanted to fix problems. Went to parliament to make a new set of laws that ended the popes power in england. This parliament is known as the Reformation Parliament. - Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn. Son parliament legalized divorce from Catherine. parliament approve Act of Supremacy. Henry Official head of Church. - Thomas More refused to take oath locked in the Tower of London for treason and was executed.
 * The Reformation Parliament:**

- Anne Boleyn Gave birth to daughter Elizabeth. Was beheaded. Henry took third wife Jane Seymour. birth to Edward. Wife died two weeks after baby born. henry married three more times. none produced children. - Each children ruled england interm after death. Edward king 9 years old. Was guided bu adult advisors. Edward reigned after 6 years. Mary took over. She had many Protestant executed she died elizabeth took throne.
 * Consequences of Henry's Changes:**

- Set up church of England. - state church for both Catholics and Protestants. priests in church were allowed to marry. speak in English. Kept some trappings the same like rich robes.
 * Elizabeth Restores Protestantism**:

- this brought level of religious peace to england. still a problem though. Protestants pushed for far-reaching church reforms. Some Catholics tried to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with her cousin. Marry Queen of Scots (Catholic). Also faced threats from Philip II the Catholic King if Spain. - Money was a problem. Colonies strengthened economically but didn't strengthen the queen.
 * Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges**: