Section+5-2+Warring+City-States

Section 5-2: Warring City-States

polis- a Greek city-state – the fundamental political unit of ancient Greece after 750 B.C. acropolis- a fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city monarchy- a government in which power is in the hands of a single person. aristocracy- a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility. oligarchy- a government in which the power is in the hands of a few people– especially one in which rule is based upon wealth. tyrants- in ancient Greece, a powerful individual who gained control of a city-state's government by appealing to the poor for support. democracy- a government controlled by its citizens either directly or through representation. helots- in the society of ancient Sparta, a peasant bound to the land. phalanx- a military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields. Persian Wars- a series of wars in the fifth century B.C. in which Greek city-states battled the Persian Empire.
 * Bold:**

Draco- a man who took power of Athens and began to create a democracy. Solon**-** he developed the idea that no person shall be owned by another citizen Cleisthenes- a man who separated Athens into ten classes, what class you were in was determined on where you lived.
 * Key People:**


 * Key Ideas/ Events:**

- the Dorians and the Mycenaeans began to identify less of their ancestors culture and more of the culture of their local areas. They also had their governments became more formal from tribal to clan control, which created city-states.
 * Setting the Stage:**

- A polis was usually between 50 and 500 square miles of territory and was made of a city and the country side around it, governmental meetings were usually help in the acropolis.
 * Rule and Order in Greek City-States:**

- The Greek city-states had many forms of government, there were city-states ruled by kings (monarchy), there were city-states ruled by small groups of nobles (aristocracy) and there were city-states ruled by a few powerful people (oligarchy).
 * Greek Political Structures:**

- There was repeated conflict between the rulers and other powerful people in the city-states and often times the powerful people would get the support of the people to get control of the government.
 * Tyrants Seize Power:**

- Athens had power struggles between the rich and the poor and eventually they moved towards a democracy type government.
 * Athens Builds a Limited Democracy:**

- Draco developed a legal code that no matter how much money you had, everyone was equal under law. The bad thing about this code was death was the punishment for almost every crime. - A man named Solon separated the Athens community into four classes where only the top three class could be apart of the political office, but by doing this he ended slavery. - A man named Cleisthenes separated Athens into ten classes, what class you were in was determined on where you lived. - Cleisthenes helped Athens form a democracy. Women slaves and foreigners had few rights and were excluded from citizenship.
 * Building Democracy:**

- only the boys of a wealthy family would go to a school top get a formal education they would learn things like reading, grammar, poetry, history, mathematics and music they would also get training in logic and public speaking, because citizens were expected to debate issues in assembly they also spent time doing physical activities, the older boys were often sent to military school to learn to protect Athens. - The girls didn't got to school but they were taught by there mothers to do household things like child-rearing, weaving cloth, preparing meals, managing the household, and other skills that helped them become good wives/ mothers. Some women were able to lean how to read and write.
 * Athenian Education:**

- Sparta was secluded from the other Greek civilizations by the Gulf of Corinth and they build a military state.
 * Sparta Builds a Military State:**

- Around 725 B.C.. Sparta conquered the neighboring region of Messneia and took over the land. The Messenians were forced to work for the Spartans.
 * Sparta Dominates Messenians:**

- Sparta's government had many branches, Sparta also elected officials and voted on major issues. The Council of Elders was a group of 30 old citizens who proposed laws on which the assembly voted on. - The Spartan civilization had many social classes. The first group were descendents of the original inhabitants of the region, the second were no citizens who were free and the last one was people who were a little better than slaves.
 * Sparta's Government and Society:**

- From 600 to 371 B.C. Sparta had the strongest army in Greece, therefore the Spartans didn't value arts, literature, or other artistic or intellectiual pursuits. They valued duty, strength, discipline over freedom, individuality, beauty an leaning. - The men were expected to be in the military for most of their life. They left home at seven and until they were 30 they were put through military training that made them tough resourceful soldiers. - The women received some military training and they also ran, wrestled and played sports, The women were taught to put Sparta above everything similar to the men.
 * Spartan Daily Life:**

- Persian armies moved Sparta and Athens alike to their greatest glory.
 * The Persian Wars:**

- only rich people use to be able to afford the materials that were to be used in war, they were made of bronze, but the weapons switched to iron that was more common and harder than bronze, so even the poor could afford it so more people joined the military.
 * A New Kind of Army Emerges:**

- The Persian War was fought between Greece and the Persian empire, it started in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia where Greek had been living there for years but the Persians conquered it in 546 B.C.. - There was a battle where the Persians had 25,000 men and there were 10,00 Athenians and the Persians were poorly armored and not well trained so the Athenians ended up winning only loosing 200 while the Persians lost 6,000.
 * Battle at Marathon:**

- the Army would send a boy named Pheidippides to send a message to Athens telling them of out victory. Athens was defenseless and there Persians knew that so they started to sail over to conquered it. But the Greek army moved to Athens and the Persians retreated due to the heavy defense that the Greek had formed with men.
 * Pheidippides Brings News:**

- There was man name Xerxes who wanted to destroy Athens. The Greek armies were separated and Xerxes had as free walk down the coast of Greece. - When Xerxes came to Thermonpylae 7,000 Greeks and 300 Spartans were there to stop him. They held them off for 3 days until a traitor for the Persians told the army about a secret path the Persians used it and the Greeks retreated while the Spartans offered to stay behind and fight. - The city of Athens had to be protected by the leader of the Athenians said to evacuated the city and to fight at sea which they did. The station in a small channel. The small Greek fleets could easily maneuver through the narrow channel while the Persians ships had trouble so the Greek ships punched holes in the hull of the persians ships and they sank. - Several Greek city- States formed an alliance called the Delian League. The alliance still pressed war against the Persians.
 * Thermopylae and Salamis:**

- Athens became the leader of the Delian League which was made of some 200 city-states. Athens used it power to control the other city-states some city states challenged Athens authority the city-states became little mote than Providences under the Athenian empire.
 * Consequences of the Persian Wars:**