Section+14-1+Church+Reform+and+the+Crusades

Section 14-1: Church Reform and the Crusades


 * Bold:**


 * simony-** a type of practice in a Church.
 * Gothic-** a type of style of architecture.
 * Urban II-** a Pope.
 * Crusade-** a holy war
 * Saladin-** a Muslim leader who helped in the fall of Jerusalem.
 * Richard the Lion-Hearted-** the English King.
 * Reconquista-** was a long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain.
 * Inquisition-** a court held by the Church to suppress heresy.

- Some historians would call the years 500- 1000 a "dark age." Vikings raided Europe. The Church started to reconstruct itself.
 * Setting the Stage:**

- Monasteries led the spiritual revival. The monastery at Cluny in France was very important. The reformers wanted to go back to the basic principles of Christianity. The popes started to reform the Church. They expanded its power and authority. The Age of Faith was born but there were still many problems in the Church.
 * The Age of Faith**

- The reformers were the most distressed by the three main issues. - Many village priests had married and had families that was against church rules. Bishops sold positions in the church. Using the practice of lay investiture kings appointed church bishops.
 * Problems in the Church:**

- Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII enforced Church laws against simony and the marriage of priests. The priests who follow the two popes reorganized the Church to continue the policy of reform. A meeting was held and it developed canon law on marriage, divorce and inheritance. - The Church collected taxes in the form of tithes. The tithes consumed once tenth of the yearly income of every Christian family. They used some money to preform social services and the Church also operated most of the hospitals in those times.
 * Reform and Church Organization:**

-wandering friars walked around preaching and spreading the Church's ideas. Friars took vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience, but they didn't live in monasteries.They lived by begging. - Dominic a Spanish priest created the Dominicans one of the first friars. Dominic encouraged study so many Dominicans were scholars. Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscans. They trusted all creatures and they treated animals likes their spiritual brothers and sisters. - Women were very important in spiritual revival. They join the groups of friars. A women named Clare and her friend Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscans order of women. It was known as the Poor Clares. The women lived in poverty and worked to help the poor and sick. The women were not allowed to travel from place to place preaching.
 * New Religious Orders:**

- Most people worshipped in small churches. Larger churches called cathedrals were built in city areas. Churches were built in Romanesque styl. The churches had round arches and a heavy roof held up by thick walls and pillars. The walls had thick walls and small windows.
 * Cathedrals– Cities of God:**

- More money helped the creation of churches. Gothic architecture was started. Comes from the Germanic tribe called the Goths. The Churches thrusted upward as if reaching to heaven. They had large glass windows. They also had a lot of art work like sculpture wood carvings and stained glass windows. These were ment to inspire the worshipper with the magnificence of god. Soon many Cathedrals were built in France.
 * A New Style of Church Architecture:**

- The Age of Faith also started wars. Alexius Comnenus sent an appeal to Robert, Count of Flanders. the emperor asked for their help against the Muslims Turks. They were threatening to conquer his capital Constantinople. - Pope Urban II also read the letter. HE called for a Crusade to gain control over the Holy Land. Over the next 300 years there were a number of Crusades.
 * The Crusades:**

- The Crusades had economic, social and political goals and also religious motives. Muslims controlled Palestine and threatened Constantinople. The Byzantine liked that the Christians wanted to stop Muslims attacks. The pope want to regain Palestine to unite Christendom. - The Crusades were also a good way to get rid of bad knights who fought one another. - Younger sons participated in the crusades they didn't inherit their fathers land so they thought this would be good adventure and also would get them land and position in society. - Merchants profited by making cash loans for the journey. The also leased their ships to ship troops.
 * Goals of the Crusades:**

- the Pope call brought a tremendous out poor of religious feeling and support for the Crusade. The Pope said people who died in the Crusade said they had a part in the Heaven. - Three armies were out side Constantinople. The Crusaders were poorly prepared for the first Crusade. There was not strategy in conquering Jerusalem. The nobles argued about who was going to be leader. The Crusaders captured the city on July 15 1099. - The Crusaders won a narrow strip of land. There were four Crusader lands made out fo this territory. - The Territories were very vulnerable to Muslim attacks. Another Crusade was created to conquer the lost city of Edessa. But they went home in defeat.
 * The First and Second Crusades:**

- The third Crusade was led by Philip the II of France, German Emperor Frederick I and English King Richard the Lion- Hearted. Philip went home after arguing with Richard. Frederick drown on his trip. Richard led the Crusade on his own. Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce in 1192. Jerusalem stayed under Muslim rule but any unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city's holy places.
 * The Third Crusade:**

- The Fourth Crusade to capture Jerusalem failed. The knights didn't reach the Holy Land instead they looted Constantinople. Four more Crusade were also unsuccessful. Two more attempts weakened the Muslim defenders but in the end failed.
 * The Crusading Spirit Dwindles:**

- Children were sent to conquer Jerusalem. One group was led by 12 year old Stephen of Cloyes. Man died on the way to Jerusalem the ones who made it were sold into slavery. - Nicholas of Cologne. Thousands died on the way over. The ones who made it met the pope and were snet home. Some went to the Holy Land on a ship and were never heard of again.
 * The Children's Crusade:**

-The Spanish tried to drive the Muslims out of Spain. The Muslims only had one small City called Granada. But it soon fell.
 * A Spanish Crusade:**

- The crusades caused many people to move far away. Mainly women stayed home to manage affairs on estates. - The merchants expanded their trade. Things from Southwest Asia benefitted both Christians and Muslims.
 * The Effects of the Crusades:**